MuHiSSE.RdSets up and executes a MuHiSSE model (Multicharacter Hidden State Speciation and Extinction) on a phylogeny and character distribution.
MuHiSSE(phy, data, f=c(1,1,1,1), turnover=c(1,2,3,4), eps=c(1,2,3,4),
hidden.states=FALSE, trans.rate=NULL, condition.on.survival=TRUE,
root.type="madfitz", root.p=NULL, includes.fossils=FALSE, k.samples=NULL, sann=TRUE,
sann.its=1000, bounded.search=TRUE, max.tol=.Machine$double.eps^.50, starting.vals=NULL,
turnover.upper=10000, eps.upper=3, trans.upper=100, restart.obj=NULL, ode.eps=0,
dt.threads=1)a phylogenetic tree, in ape “phylo” format.
a matrix (or dataframe) with three columns. The first column containing the species names and the second and third containing the binary character information. Character "0" is on column 2 and character "1" is on column 3. A value of 0 means character absent and a value of 1 character present. The input of data follows a Pagel model. See 'Details'.
vector of length 4 with the estimated proportion of extant species in 00, 01, 10, and 11 that are included in the phylogeny. A value of c(0.50, 0.25, 0.125, 0.125) means that 50 percent of species in combination '00', 25 percent in '01' and 12.5 percent in '10' and '11'. By default all species are assumed to be sampled.
a numeric vector of length equal to 4+(number of
hidden.states * 4). A MuSSE model has 4 speciation parameters:
lambda00, lambda01, lambda10, and lambda11. A MuHiSSE model with
one hidden states has 8 speciation parameters: lambda0A, s1A, s01A, s0B, s1B, s01B.
And so on. The length of the numeric vector needs to match the number of speciation
parameters in the model. See 'Details'.
a numeric vector of length equal to4+(number of
hidden.states * 4). A MuSSE model has 4 extinction parameters:
mu00, mu01, mu10, and mu11. A MuHiSSE model with one hidden state has 8 extinction
parameters: mu00A, mu01A, mu10A, mu11A, mu00B, mu01B, mu10B, and mu11B. And so on. The
length of the numeric vector needs to match the number of extinction parameters in the
model. See 'Details'.
a logical indicating whether the model includes a
hidden states. The default is FALSE.
provides the transition rate model. See function
TransMatMakerMuHiSSE.
a logical indicating whether the likelihood
should be conditioned on the survival of two lineages and the
speciation event subtending them (Nee et al. 1994). The default is TRUE.
indicates whether root summarization follow the procedure described by FitzJohn et al. 2009, “madfitz” or Herrera-Alsina et al. 2018, “herr_als”.
a vector indicating fixed root state probabilities. The
default is NULL.
a logical indicating whether the tree contains fossil taxa. The default is FALSE.
a table of extinct individuals with sampled descendants. See details for how the table must be formatted.
a logical indicating whether a two-step optimization
procedure is to be used. The first includes a simulate annealing
approach, with the second involving a refinement using
subplex. The default is TRUE.
a numeric indicating the number of times the simulated annealing algorithm should call the objective function.
a logical indicating whether or not bounds should
be enforced during optimization. The default is is TRUE.
supplies the relative optimization tolerance to
subplex.
a numeric vector of length 3 with starting values for the model for all areas and hidden states. Position [1] sets turnover, [2] sets extinction fraction, and [3] transition rates.
sets the upper bound for the turnover parameters.
sets the upper bound for the eps parameters.
sets the upper bound for the transition rate parameters.
an object of class that contains everything to restart an optimization.
sets the tolerance for the integration at the end of a branch. Essentially if the sum of compD is less than this tolerance, then it assumes the results are unstable and discards them. The default is set to zero, but in testing a value of 1e-8 can sometimes produce stable solutions for both easy and very difficult optimization problems.
sets the number of threads available to data.table. In practice this need not change from the default of 1 thread, as we have not seen any speedup from allowing more threads.
This function sets up and executes a multiple state HiSSE model. The model allows up to 8 hidden categories (hidden states A-H), and implements a more efficient means of carrying out the branch calculation. Specifically, we break up the tree into carry out all descendent branch calculations simultaneously, combine the probabilities based on their shared ancestry, then repeat for the next set of descendents. In testing, we've found that as the number of taxa increases, the calculation becomes much more efficient. In future versions, we will likely allow for multicore processing of these calculations to further improve speed. We also note that there is vignette that describes more details for running this particular function.
As for data file format, MuHiSSE expects a three column matrix or data frame, with
the first column containing the species names and the second and third containing the
binary character information. Note that the order of the data file and the names in the
“phylo” object need not be in the same order; MuHiSSE deals with this
internally. Also, the character information must be coded as 0 and 1, otherwise, the
function will misbehave. However, if the state for a species is unknown for either
character, a user can specify this with a 2, and the state will be considered maximally
ambiguous for all relevant character combinations. For example, if character 1 is in state
0, but character 2 is provided a 2, then the program provides a probability of 1 for 00
and a probability of for 01.
As with hisse, we employ a modified optimization procedure. In other words, rather
than optimizing birth and death separately, MuHisse optimizes orthogonal
transformations of these variables: we let tau = birth+death define "net turnover", and
we let eps = death/birth define the “extinction fraction”. This reparameterization
alleviates problems associated with overfitting when birth and death are highly
correlated, but both matter in explaining the diversity pattern.
To setup a model, users input vectors containing values to indicate how
many free parameters are to be estimated for each of the variables in
the model. This is done using the turnover and
extinct.frac parameters. One needs to specify a value for each of
the parameters of the model, when two parameters show the same value,
then the parameters are set to be linked during the estimation of the
model. For example, a MuHiSSE model with 1 hidden state and all free
parameters has turnover = 1:8. The same model with
turnover rates constrained to be the same for all hidden states has
turnover = c(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4). This same format applies to
extinct.frac.
The “trans.rate” input is the transition model and has an entirely different setup
than speciation and extinction rates. See TransMatMakerMuHiSSE function for more
details.
For user-specified “root.p”, you should specify the probability for each state combination. If you are doing a hidden model, there will be eight state combinations: 00A, 01A, 10A, 11A, 00B, 01B, 10B, 11B. So if you wanted to say the root had to be in state 00, and since you do not know the hidden state, you would specify “root.p = c(0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, 0, 0)”. In other words, the root has a 50% chance to be in one of the states to be 00A or 00B.
For the “root.type” option, we are currently maintaining the previous default of “madfitz”. However, it was recently pointed out by Herrera-Alsina et al. (2018) that at the root, the individual likelihoods for each possible state should be conditioned prior to averaging the individual likelihoods across states. This can be set doing “herr_als”. It is unclear to us which is exactly correct, but it does seem that both “madfitz” and “herr_als” behave exactly as they should in the case of character-independent diversification (i.e., reduces to likelihood of tree + likelihood of trait model). We've also tested the behavior and the likelihood differences are very subtle and the parameter estimates in simulation are nearly indistinguishable from the “madfitz” conditioning scheme. We provide both options and encourage users to try both and let us know conditions in which the result vary dramatically under the two root implementations. We suspect they do not.
Also, note, that in the case of “root.type=user” and “root.type=equal” are no longer explicit “root.type” options. Instead, either “madfitz” or “herr_als” are specified and the “root.p” can be set to allow for custom root options.
MuHiSSE returns an object of class muhisse.fit. This is a list with
elements:
the maximum negative log-likelihood.
Akaike information criterion.
Akaike information criterion corrected for sample-size.
a matrix containing the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters.
an index matrix of the parameters being estimated.
user-supplied sampling frequencies.
a logical indicating whether hidden states were included in the model.
a logical indicating whether the likelihood was conditioned on the survival of two lineages and the speciation event subtending them.
indicates the user-specified root prior assumption.
indicates whether the user-specified fixed root probabilities.
user-supplied tree
user-supplied dataset
the user-supplied transition matrix
relative optimization tolerance.
The starting values for the optimization.
the vector of upper limits to the optimization search.
the vector of lower limits to the optimization search.
The ode.eps value used for the estimation.
Beaulieu, J.M, and B.C. O'Meara. 2016. Detecting hidden diversification shifts in models of trait-dependent speciation and extinction. Syst. Biol. 65:583-601.
FitzJohn R.G., Maddison W.P., and Otto S.P. 2009. Estimating trait-dependent speciation and extinction rates from incompletely resolved phylogenies. Syst. Biol. 58:595-611.
Herrera-Alsina, L., P. van Els, and R.S. Etienne. 2018. Detecting the dependence of diversification on multiples traits from phylogenetic trees and trait data. Systematic Biology, 68:317-328.
Maddison W.P., Midford P.E., and Otto S.P. 2007. Estimating a binary characters effect on speciation and extinction. Syst. Biol. 56:701-710.
Nakov, T., Beaulieu, J.M., and Alverson, A.J. 2019. Diatoms diversify and turn over faster in freshwater than marine environments. Evolution, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13832.
Nee S., May R.M., and Harvey P.H. 1994. The reconstructed evolutionary process. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 344:305-311.